Sol. Consider a closed vessel containing a volume of liquid, with saturated vapour of this liquid filling the rest of the vessel. As illustrated in the figure, let a capillary tube of radius r be immersed in the liquid, which does not wet its walls.

In such circumstances, the level in the capillary tube falls to a depth h below the liquid surface. The magnitude of h can be found using the equilibrium relationship between hydrostatic force and the surface tension of the liquid 2 π r γ = ρ 1 gh π r 2 , where γ is the surface tension of the liquid and ρ 1 is its density. This gives h = 2 γ /( ρ 1 gr).

The liquid is in equilibrium with its saturated vapour, both in the capillary tube and at the plane surface of the liquid. In the capillary tube, however, the pressure of the vapour is a little higher at the interface. The difference is caused by the pressure of the vapour column, of height h and density ρ v , above it. It follows that

Δ p v = ρ v gh = .

As ρ v << ρ 1 , this difference between the pressures is much smaller than the pressure of curvature corresponding to the radius r, but, given long enough, it

is sufficient to bring about the phenomenon described.